Lime Tree / Linden (Tilia spp.)

The Lime Tree (commonly referred to as Linden in North America and Europe) is a deciduous tree with deep cultural, ecological, and medicinal importance. Not to be confused with the citrus-producing lime tree, Tilia species are often planted for shade, decoration, and their fragrant flowers.

 

​Common Names of Lime Tree - Linden:

​

Lime Tree, Linden Tree, European Linden, Basswood, Common Lime, Littleleaf Linden, Largeleaf Linden, Lime Blossom Tree
 

Identification of Lime Tree - Linden:
 

Leaves:

• Large, heart-shaped leaves, 6–15 cm long depending on the species.

• Serrated edges and a pointed tip.

• Glossy green on top, paler and slightly hairy underneath.

• Leaves are alternately arranged on the twigs.

• In autumn, leaves turn yellow before falling, contributing to the tree’s seasonal beauty.

Bark:

• Bark is smooth and grey-brown when young, developing shallow ridges as the tree ages.

• Mature trees may have a mildly furrowed, crisscrossed pattern.

Flowers:

• Small, pale yellow to cream-colored flowers, grouped in pendulous clusters.

• Flowers are extremely sweet-smelling, producing nectar that is highly attractive to bees.

• Each flower cluster is suspended by a leaf-like bract, which aids in seed dispersal by wind.

• Blooming period: June to July (UK) depending on the species and local climate.

Seeds & Fruits:

• After flowering, round nut-like seeds develop, about 4–8 mm in size, with a rough surface.

• These are often attached to the papery bracts that act like wings, aiding in wind dispersal.

Overall Structure:

• The trunk is straight and sturdy, with spreading branches forming a dense, domed or rounded canopy.

• Lime trees range in size depending on species:

  • Common Lime (Tilia × europaea): up to 30–40m tall.

  • Small-Leaved Lime (Tilia cordata): 20–25m tall.

  • Large-Leaved Lime (Tilia platyphyllos): 25–30m tall.
     

Growth Pattern of Lime Tree - Linden:
 

• Height: Ranges from 20–40m, depending on species.

• Spread: Canopy spreads widely, providing significant shade (up to 10–15m across for mature specimens).

• Growth Rate: Moderate; young trees grow relatively quickly but slow down with age.
   

Habitat of Lime Tree - Linden:
 

Lime trees thrive in temperate regions and are found in a variety of habitats, including:
 

• Parklands, gardens, and streets: Frequently planted for their ability to provide deep shade and their elegant appearance.

• Woodlands and forests: A constituent of older woods and coppices, particularly in lowland Europe.

• Ancient habitats: Large-leaved Lime and Small-leaved Lime are native to the UK and are often found in ancient woodland remnants.

Soil Preferences:

• Tolerates a wide range of soils, preferring moist but well-drained soils with good nutrient content.

• Does not like waterlogged or extremely dry soils.

Light Requirements:

• Grows best in full sun to partial shade, though it is shade-tolerant when young.
   

Seasonal Changes of of Lime Tree - Linden:
 

Spring:

• Leaf buds open, producing the large, heart-shaped foliage characteristic of the species.

Summer:

• Flowering season (June to July): Richly scented yellow flowers appear, attracting pollinators.

• Leaves provide dense shade, making them ideal for parks and streets.

Autumn:

• Leaves turn yellow and fall in large quantities. Seeds mature and disperse through wind.

 

Winter:

• Bare branches reveal the tree’s elegant shape. Dormancy period before regrowth in spring.
   

UK Distribution of Lime Tree - Linden:
 

• The Small-Leaved Lime (Tilia cordata) and Large-Leaved Lime (Tilia platyphyllos) are native to the UK, primarily in southern and central England.

• The hybrid Common Lime (Tilia × europaea) is now the most frequently planted species, found throughout parks, streets, and gardens.

• Lime trees are widespread in the UK due to their historical use as shade trees and their adaptability.

• Small-Leaved Lime trees are often considered indicators of ancient woodlands.
   

Wildlife Interactions of Lime Tree - Linden:
 

• Important for pollinators: Lime flowers produce copious nectar, essential for bees (particularly honeybees) and hoverflies.

• Lime trees are considered biodiversity hotspots, attracting numerous insects:

  • Aphids often feed on the leaves, producing honeydew (a sugary substance) that supports ants and other insects.

  • The caterpillars of certain moth species (Small Emerald and Lime Hawk-Moth) feed on the leaves.

• Birds and mammals:

  • Birds use the dense canopy for nesting and roosting.

  • Dormice consume the flowers and seeds.

• Notable associations: Lime flowers are famous for their use in producing high-quality monofloral (single-flower) honey.
   

Food Use of Lime Tree - Linden:
 

Edible Parts:

• Flowers, young leaves, and seeds are all edible.

Uses:

• Flowers: Can be steeped into tea (Linden tea) with mild sedative and digestive effects.

• Leaves: Sweet and tender when young, ideal for salads.

• Seeds: Nut-like flavor, but very small and fiddly to use.

Note: Traditionally, Lime tea has been praised for its relaxation properties, though its effects are mild. Always ensure correct identification before consumption.
 

Medicinal Use of Lime Tree - Linden:
 

Lime trees have been used for centuries in traditional medicine, though modern herbal medicine uses carefully controlled preparations.
 

• Flowers:

  • Used to make soothing teas, believed to reduce stress, insomnia, and relieve stomach discomfort.

  • Mild diuretic and thought to support cardiovascular health.

• Bark and leaves: Historically used as poultices for skin conditions or burns.

• Honey: Traditionally thought to have antimicrobial properties.

Caution: Medicinal uses are largely anecdotal. Those with pollen allergies or sensitivities should avoid consuming Lime-based preparations.
 

Other Uses of Lime Tree - Linden:
 

1. Timber:

   • Limewood is soft, pale, and easy to carve, making it a common choice for carving, sculpting, and furniture-making.

2. Historical Use:

   • Lime bast (fiber from the inner bark) was historically used to make rope, mats, and baskets.

3. Ornamental:

   • Commonly planted as an avenue or shade tree in parks and streets for its aesthetic value.
      

Safety Notes for of Lime Tree - Linden:
 

• Honeydew production: Excessive honeydew can coat surfaces below the trees (cars, pavements) and attract wasps.

• Not generally toxic, but large quantities of tea/flower preparations are not recommended for people with heart conditions.
   

Conservation Status of of Lime Tree - Linden:
 

• Lime trees are not endangered but are culturally and ecologically significant.

• Ancient Lime pollards should be protected as part of the UK's heritage in woodlands and traditional landscapes.
   

Cultivation Tips for of Lime Tree - Linden:
 

Ideal Conditions:

• Lime trees thrive in moisture-retentive soils in sunny to semi-shaded locations.

• They are tolerant of urban conditions, including pollution and compaction.

Planting Tips:

• Space trees 10–15m apart to allow for canopy spread.

• Avoid overly compacted clay or poorly drained soils.

Pruning and Care:

• Prune in winter during dormancy to maintain shape.

• Remove suckers regularly (particularly with Common Lime), as they can overrun the base of the tree if left unchecked.