Elder (Sambucus nigra)
Common Names:
Elder Tree
Description:
Elder, scientifically known as Sambucus nigra, is a deciduous shrub or small tree growing up to 10 m. The bark is brownish-grey, deeply furrowed, and gnarled. Oval, slightly serrated leaves accompany large umbels of off-white to cream flowers from April to June. The tree produces purplish-black, juice-laden berries in large clusters.
Habitat and Distribution:
Elder thrives in deciduous woodlands, downs, hedgerows, riverbanks, roadsides, scrub, and wasteland. It is versatile and can grow in various environments, including hedgerows, woodlands, gardens, and almost anywhere with sufficient light.
Identification:
Elder is recognizable by its ovate, toothed leaves, fragrant flowers, and clusters of dark purple to black berries. The bark is light-colored, and the branches are brittle.
Food Uses:
Both elderflowers and elderberries are used for various culinary purposes. Elderberries can be made into jams, jellies, pies, soups, sauces, chutneys, juices, and wine. Elderflowers are utilized for flower vinegar, fizzy drinks, sparkling wines, elderflower tea, and cosmetic products. Leaves are not edible, and berries should be cooked to eliminate cyanide-inducing glycocides.
Medicinal Uses:
Elder is known for its medicinal properties, particularly for respiratory problems such as bronchitis, coughs, congestion, sinus issues, flu, and sore throats. Elderberry syrup or sweets are effective for treating sore throats, coughs, and colds. Infusions of elderflowers can relieve hay fever or stress.
Safety Notes:
While elderberries are safe when cooked, caution is advised as the leaves and other parts contain poisonous compounds. The seeds inside the berries contain cyanide-inducing glycocides. Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals should avoid homemade elder products.
Other Uses:
Elderflowers are used by the cosmetic industry in skin and eye ointments, lip balms, sun lotions, and fragranced hair and shower products. The hollow wood obtained from elder branches has various uses, including making jewelry, beads, pennies, snakes, whistles, and blow darts.
Other Information:
The Elder tree has cultural significance and associations with witches and folk medicine. Additionally, the wood ear mushroom (Auricularia auricula-judae) can be found growing on dead limbs or stumps of the Elder.